Abstract Ecological knowledge plays a significant role in ensuring efficient ecological restoration. We conducted a systematic review to assess if sufficient ecological knowledge has been accumulated to aid restoration practices for the Cerrado, a Brazilian biome dominated by savanna ecosystems and threatened by anthropogenic disturbances. Most Cerrado restoration studies were performed by few research groups and focused primarily on two vegetation types: cerrado sensu stricto (typical savanna) and riparian forest. We also found that defining reference ecosystems and selecting plant species for restoration programs is neglected, mostly disregarding their original occurrence and proportion of plant growth forms. Furthermore, studies lacked standardized and systematic evaluation of restoration outcomes. Hence, we argue that current ecological knowledge is insufficient to guarantee the success of large-scale ecological restoration of the Cerrado. We strengthen the need to explicitly define the reference ecosystem for each Cerrado ecosystem and use its structure and composition as guidance for ecological restoration research, which should be based on a scientific approach. We encourage investigations into ecological dynamics and natural regeneration of the different vegetation types of the Cerrado and highlight the importance of integrating such knowledge with environmental laws, societal engagement and cost-effective techniques to advance Cerrado ecological restoration.

Resumo A presença de uma ideia generalizada sobre nossa evidente crise ecológica global suscitou, no campo das humanidades, uma série de reflexões críticas, criativas e empáticas pelas ações de denúncia ecológica, sustentabilidade e preservação do meio ambiente. Diante disso, consideramos que os escritos poéticos recentes de Raúl Zurita (Santiago, 1950) apresentam uma série de características e qualidades que podem estar relacionadas às representações da natureza e do meio ambiente como dimensões ecológicas. Partindo de uma série de abordagens teórico-críticas anteriores, pretendemos inicialmente mostrar o desenvolvimento de uma imaginação estética de relacionamento e crítica entre seres humanos e natureza, para depois ler a expressividade poética de Raúl Zurita como uma reflexão crítica sobre natureza e linguagem, relacionada a uma proposta conceitual de uma nova episteme urbano-ambiental (Heffes), focada no imaginário de denúncia ecológica, sustentabilidade e preservação.

Abstract The presence of a generalized idea about our global ecological crisis, has generated, a series of critical, creative and empathic reflections in the field of humanities for the actions of ecological denunciation, sustainability and preservation of the environment. Given this, we consider that the recent work of Raúl Zurita (Santiago, 1950), presents a series of features that can be related to the representations of nature and the environment as ecological dimensions. Based on a series of previous theoretical-critical approaches, we intend to show the development of an aesthetic imagination of relationship and criticism between human beings and nature, and then read the poetic expressiveness of Raúl Zurita as a critical reflection on nature and language, related to the conceptual proposal of a new urban environmental episteme (Heffes), focused on the imaginary of ecological denunciation, sustainability and preservation.

Resumen La presencia de una idea generalizada sobre nuestra evidente crisis ecológica global, ha suscitado, en el campo de las humanidades, una serie de reflexiones críticas, creativas y empáticas para con las acciones de denuncia ecológica, sosteniblilidad y preservación del medioambiente. Ante aquello, consideramos que la escritura poética reciente de Raúl Zurita (Santiago, 1950), presenta una serie de rasgos y cualidades susceptibles de ser relacionadas con las representaciones de la naturaleza y el medioambiente en tanto dimensiones ecológicas. A partir de una serie de aproximaciones teórico-críticas precedentes, pretendemos evidenciar el desarrollo de una imaginación estética de relación y crítica entre el ser humano y la naturaleza, para luego leer la expresividad poética de Raúl Zurita en tanto reflexión crítica sobre la naturaleza y el lenguaje, afín a la proposición conceptual de una nueva episteme urbanoambiental (Heffes), centrada en los imaginarios de denuncia ecológica, sostenibilidad y preservación.

Resumen A partir de las relaciones entre sujeto, ciudad y poesía el artículo explora algunas dimensiones de la poética de Tomás Harris con el fin de realizar una lectura crítica del poema “La nave”, publicado en los libros Crónicas maravillosas (1997) y Noche de brujas y otros hechos de sangre (2012). Con este propósito, inicialmente se especifica una dimensión crítica de la poesía de Tomás Harris en tanto estética relacional y escritura procesual, para luego proponer un desplazamiento conceptual respecto de la figuración del sujeto poético desde el paradigma del flâneur de la modernidad hacia un sujeto traficante de la postmodernidad sudamericana. De este modo, posteriormente se pretende precisar la originalidad de la escritura de Tomás Harris en tanto acontecimiento poético, además de evidenciar la presencia de una écfrasis traficante en tanto cualidad retórica para la conceptualización y entendimiento último del poema.

Abstract From the relationships between subject, city and poetry, this article explores some dimensions of the poetry of Tomás Harris in order to make a critical reading of the poem "La nave", published in the Crónicas maravillosas (1997) and Noche de brujas y otros hechos de sangre (2012). For this purpose, is initially specified a critical dimension of Tomás Harris's poetry as both relational aesthetic and process writing, and then proposes a conceptual displacement regarding the figuration of the poetic subject from the flâneur of modernity towards the trafficker of South American postmodernity. In this way, it is intended to specify the originality of the writing of Thomas Harris as a poetic event, in addition to evidencing the presence of an ecfrasis trafficker as a rhetorical quality for conceptualization and ultimate understanding of the poem.

ABSTRACT Soil nutrients are one of the main drivers of plant species composition and distribution, mainly due to the role they play in plant survival and reproductive success. However, the nutritional requirements of plants inhabiting their native ecosystems are still poorly known. This is the case for most species of campo rupestre vegetation, which are found on infertile soils of quartzitic and ferruginous origin. The present study evaluated the effects of macronutrients and substrates on survival and growth of the micro-endemic Vellozia nanuzae (Velloziaceae). Plant mortality was about 95 % higher in soil enriched with macronutrients and almost 100 % in soils with added manure in the first 30 days. Individual plants from treatments with added nutrients had lower growth (53 % less) compared to individuals on natural substrates. In conclusion, Vellozia nanuzaesurvived and developed better on soil of its original habitat even though it is acidic and poor in nutrients. Our results show that more nutrients are not always better for the survival and development of native species that inhabit harsh ecosystems.

ABSTRACT The growth-survival trade-off hypothesis states that functional traits of stem, wood, leaves and fruits govern acquisitive and conservative strategies of plant species that grow/survive differently in forests. We aimed to determine whether heterogeneity during the colonization of a secondary Atlantic Forest fragment causes differences in colonization-related traits and determines taxonomic composition of subplots. A total of 5,078 subplots were censused with leaf and fruit traits and height measurements being determined for each tree of each species, and with averaged-abundance-weighted values calculated for each subplot. A dendrogram was generated from the taxonomic composition of subplots using Sorensen similarity and UPGMA clustering. A total of 74,335 trees of 178 species were recorded. Clustering revealed five main groups of subplots that were tested against each other and found to differ in terms of average leaf width, leaf-width/petiole-width, wood density, mean height, height mode, fruit width and fruit length. Greater leaf averages in subplots were associated with greater fruit averages, and with higher wood densities and greater heights among groups of subplots, revealing that heterogeneity during colonization directed the communities of the 50-ha plot. The averaged values of functional traits detected subplots associated with conditions favorable to colonization, thereby reinforcing the growth-survival trade-off hypothesis.

Abstract: This article reviews a series of theoretical-conceptual contributions coming from the literary studies related to fantastic literature in order to focus on the theoretical debate not only about the presence of the fantastic in poetry but also in its manifestations around postmodernity. Subsequently, reviewing specific poems, it is intended to show a relationship between the fantastic and the work of the Chilean poets Jaime Quezada and Oscar Hahn as a fantastic postmodern, contributing to the field of general knowledge about the possibilities of transformation and renewal of the Chilean poetry.

Resumen: El artículo revisa una serie de contribuciones teórico-conceptuales provenientes del campo de pensamiento de los estudios literarios relacionados con la literatura fantástica para concentrar su atención en el debate teórico respecto de la presencia de lo fantástico al interior de la poesía como en sus manifestaciones en torno a la postmodernidad. Posteriormente, revisando poemas específicos, se pretende evidenciar una relación entre lo fantástico y la obra de los poetas chilenos Jaime Quezada y Oscar Hahn a la manera de un fantástico postmoderno, contribuyendo al campo de conocimiento general sobre las posibilidades de transformación y renovación de la poesía chilena.

From the notion of "minor literature" proposed by Gilles Deleuze, the article comprises a general approach to the writings of the Chilean poets Tomás Harris and Nicolás Miquea, to raise the possibility of a "minor reading", as an exercise of reflection on both authors. From a broad theoretical approach, the article also explores the identity of poetry as health event, otherness, and relational aesthetics for the conceptual development of a "poetic trafficker"

A partir de la noción de "literatura menor" propuesta por Gilles Deleuze, el artículo comprende una aproximación general a las escrituras de los poetas chilenos Tomás Harris y Nicolás Miquea, para plantear la posibilidad de una "lectura menor" en tanto ejercicio de reflexión para la escritura crítica de ambos autores. Así, desde un amplio enfoque teórico, el artículo también explora la identidad de lo poético en tanto acontecimiento de salud, otredad y estética relacional para la formulación conceptual de una "poética traficante".

Resumen:El compromiso o balance adaptativo de las semillas en tamaño/ número (trade-off seed size/number) es un reconocido fenómeno capaz de dar forma a los procesos ecológicos de la colonización y el establecimiento de especies de plantas. Los estudios que describen el compromiso adaptativo de las semillas en tamaño/número en especies con fructificación supra-anual siguen siendo raros. En este estudio, se probaron dos hipótesis predictivas para compromiso adap-tativo de las semillas en tamaño/número: (i) una a escala poblacional, semillas producidas durante el año de mayor inversión reproductiva mostraran un tamaño reducido, y (ii) otra a escala individual que se dará una relación inversa entre el tamaño y número de semillas producidas por la planta individual. Para probar estas predicciones, 102 plantas adultas de Copaifera langsdorffii fueron monitoreadas mensualmente entre enero y septiembre, durante cuatro años consecutivos (2008-2011) con el fin de estudiar la inversión reproductiva de las plantas. Plantas langsdorffii C. exhibieron actividad reproductiva sólo durante el 2008 y 2011. El número promedio de semillas por rama fue 26.4 % mayor en 2008 en comparación con 2011. También se observó que el tamaño de la semilla fue mayor en 2008, cuando las plantas producen mayor número de frutos. Por lo tanto, los datos no apoyan la primera hipótesis de predicción de tamaño/número. En ambos años reproductivos, existía una relación negativa entre el tamaño de la semilla y el número de semillas, comprobando la segunda hipótesis de predicción del tamaño/número de semillas. El periodo de interacción con el año reproductivo sugiere que el compromiso adaptativo de las semillas en tamaño/número fue de hecho más fuerte en 2011, cuando las plantas produjeron baja cantidad de semillas. Por último, este estudio llama la atención por el patrón de fructificación supra-anual en C. langsdoffii, y sugiere que los patrones fenológicos contribuyen a explicar la amplia variación en el tamaño de la semilla y la distribución geográfica.

Abstract:The trade-off seed size/number is a recognized phenomenon capable of shaping ecological processes of colonization and establishment of plant species. Studies that describe trade-offs size/number of seeds in supra-annual fruiting species are still rare. In this study, two predictions for trade-off size/number hypothesis were tested: (i) on a population scale, seeds produced during years of greater reproductive investment showed reduced size, and (ii) on individual scale there is an inverse relationship between size and number of seeds produced by individual plant. To test these predictions, 102 Copaifera langsdorffii adult plants were monitored monthly from January to September during four consecutive years (2008 to 2011) in order to study the reproductive investment of plants. C. langsdorffii plants exhibited reproductive activity only during years 2008 and 2011. The mean number of seeds per branch was 26.4 % greater in 2008 comparatively to 2011. It was also observed that seed size was greater in the year of 2008, when plants produced greater number of fruits. Thus, the data did not support the first prediction of seed size/number hypothesis. In both reproductive years, there was a negative relationship between seed size and number of seeds, supporting the second prediction of the seed size/number hypothesis. The interaction term with the reproductive year suggests that the trade-off size/number of seeds was indeed stronger in 2011, when the plants produced lower seed number. Finally, this study calls the attention to supra-annual fruiting pattern in C. langsdoffii, and suggests that the phenological patterns contribute to explain the wide variation in their seed size and geographical distribution.

Simopelta minima (Brandão, 1989) foi originalmente descrita com base em quatro operárias coletadas em amostras de solo provenientes de uma pequena plantação de cacau localizada em Ilhéus, Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. Nos anos seguintes à descrição, esta pequena plantação de cacau foi eliminada e a espécie passou a ser considerada extinta pelas instituições ambientais brasileiras. Recentemente foram coletadas operárias de Simopelta minima em amostras de armadilhas subterrâneas do tipo "pitfall", em Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, a mais de 1.000 km de distância da localidade tipo. Esta redescoberta sugere que o status de raridade e/ou vulnerabilidade atribuído a algumas espécies de formigas pode ser explicado pela amostragem insuficiente de microhabitats adequados, no tempo e no espaço.

Simopelta minima (Brandão, 1989) was originally described based on four workers collected in soil samples from a small cocoa plantation in Ilhéus, state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. In the subsequent years after the description, this cocoa plantation was eliminated and the species was then considered extinct by the Brazilian environmental institutions. The recent rediscovery of S. minima workers in subterranean pitfall trap samples from Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, over 1.000 km distant from type locality, suggests that the rarity and vulnerability status of some ant species may be explained by insufficient sampling of adequate microhabitats, in time and space.